아이톨리아 연맹과 아카이아 연맹의 멸망

마케도니아 제국의 알렉산더 대제가 그리스를 정복 한 후 페르시아마저 정복하여 헬레니즘 시대가 시작되었으나(기원전 4세기)

알렉산더 대제 사후에 마케도니아 황실 분쟁이 일어나 알렉산더의 가문은 절멸되고 새 왕조인 안티고노스 왕조가 마케도니아를 지배하게 되는데 안티고노스 왕조는 능력이 좋지 못 하여 그리스 반도를 잃었으며

그리스 반도는 스파르타, 아이톨리아 연맹, 아카이아 연맹 등으로 갈라지게 된다.(기원전 3세기)

스파르타와 마케도니아의 침략에 대비하여 아이톨리아와 아카이아 동맹은 힘을 합쳐 막게 되고 이로써 도시국가 스파르타는 영원히 멸망하게 된다. 또한 이 헬레니즘 시대에는 마케도니아의 사촌뻘 되는 민족들이 흥하기도 했는데 에페이로스(에피루스) 왕국이 그것이다. 그러나 피로스 왕 사후에는 급속히 쇠퇴하여 사라졌다.

결국 그리스 반도 도시들의 연합인 아이톨리아 연맹과 아카이아 연맹이 양존하였으나

셀레우코스, 마케도니아 연합군의 공격을 로마가 막아낸 이후

로마가 점점 그리스 도시들에 대한 지배를 강화하자 아이톨리아 연맹은 로마에 반기를 들었다.

로마의 동유럽(발칸반도) 지배에 대한 반발로 아이톨리아 연맹은 동쪽의 셀레우코스 제국과 동맹을 맺게 되고

아카이아 동맹은 마케도니아 지배 저지를 목적으로 친로마적 외교를 하며 로마, 페르가몬, 로도스, 마케도니아 등과 함께 동맹을 맺게 되어 아이톨리아 동맹과 셀레우코스 제국 등과 반목하게 된다.

두 세력의 전쟁은 로마측의 승리로 끝났는데

이후 아이톨리아 동맹은 강제 해체 되어 로마에 합병되었다.

이후 로마 공화국이 노골적으로 그리스인들을 폄하하자

아카이아 동맹은 반기를 일으켰고

로마측에서는 이들을 진압하였으며 아카이아 동맹의 멸망과 함께 그리스의 역사는 막을 내린다.

불안을 느낀 소아시아의 페르가몬 왕국도 그런 꼴을 당하기 보단 순순히 영토를 양보하겠다며 아탈루스 3세가 사망할 때 유언으로 국토 전부를 로마 공화국에 양도하고 페르가몬이 로마 공화국에 합병됨과 동시에 페르가몬의 왕족들은 로마 공화국에서 고위 계급을 보장받았다.

붉은 부분에 대한 이야기다.

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Aetolian War

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Cretan War
Map of Aetolia
Date 191 BC - 189 BC Location Aetolia, Greece Result Roman victory Territorial changes -
Belligerents
Aetolian League, Athamania	Rome, Achean League, Macedon
Commanders
Damocritus	Marcus Acilius Glabrio, Marcus Fulvius, Philip V

The Aetolian War (191 BC-189 BC) was fought between the Romans and their Achean and Macedonian allies and the Aetolian League and their allies, the kingdom of Athamania. The Aetolians had invited Antiochus the Great to Greece, who after his defeat by the Romans had returned to Asia. This left the Aetolians and the Athamanians without any allies. With Antiochus out of Europe the Romans and their allies attacked the Aetolians. After a year of fighting the Aetolians were defeated and forced to pay 1,000 talents of silver to the Romans.

Contents [hide] 1 Prelude 2 Thessalian Campaign 3 Aetolia 4 Notes 5 References 5.1 Primary Sources 5.2 Secondary Sources

[edit] Prelude

After the Macedonian defeat in the Second Macedonian War a dispute broke out between the Romans and the Aetolians over the terms of the treaty. The Romans had the backing of the other allies, the Pergamese and the Rhodians and the Aetolians lost the dispute.^[1] The Aetolians wanted revenge and in 192 BC they sent out envoys to the King of Sparta, Nabis, King Philip V of Macedon and the Seleucid emperor, Antiochus the Great.^[2] Nabis who had been forced to comply to humiliating terms in 195 BC after he was defeated by Rome and the Achean League, accepted only to be assassinated by the Aetolians.^[3] Philip who was still paying reparations to Rome after his defeat in the Second Macedonian War and had his son as hostage in Rome refused the offer.^[4] Antiochus saw this as an opportunity to expand his European territory and accepted the alliance; and set out to Greece.

Antiochus landed at Demetrias with 10,000 infantry and 500 cavalry and set about trying to recruit some nations into his alliances against Rome. The Romans, alarmed by Antiochus' arrival in Greece, sent the consul Marcus Acilius Glabrio with an army to defeat him. The two armies met at Thermopylae, and only 500 of the Seleucids survived. After this defeat, Antiochus and the surviving part of his army returned back to Asia.^[5]

[edit] Thessalian Campaign

This left the Aetolians and the Athamanians with no allies and the victorious Roman army marching unopposed in Thessaly. Acilius went with his army to Heraclea. Acilius sent an envoy to the Aetolian garrison in the city telling them to surrender the city and to think about seeking a pardon for their misjudgement from the Senate. The Aetolians didn't reply and the Romans began preparing to take the city by force.^[6]

The Romans started the siege by battering the city wall with battering rams. To counter this the Aetolians made frequent sallies. The siege proved exhausting for the defenders because the Romans had a large number of men and when the men that were fighting grew tired they were replaced by fresh soldiers, while the Aetolians didn't have enough soldiers to do this which caused stress for the defenders.^[7]

After twenty-four days of fighting, the consul knew the Aetolians were exhausted from the length of the siege and from the reports that deserters had given him, thought of a plan.^[8] At midnight he gave the signal for all the soldiers to come back to camp. When they returned to camp he kept them inactive until 3am when he ordered that the siege operations begin again. The siege operations stopped at midnight.^[9] The Aetolians, thinking that the Romans were also exhausted, left their posts and returned at 3am. The consul knowing that his plan had succeeded order an all out assault from three different directions.^[10] Acilius ordered Tiberius Sempronius who was in charge of a third of the men to stay alert and await orders thinking the Aetolians who rush to where the shouting was heard.^[11] When the sleeping Aetolians heard the Roman army approaching they hurried prepared for battle and tried to make their way to the fighting in the darkness. The Romans started scaling the walls with ladders and climbing over the ruins of some the walls. As all the Aetolians rushed to where the Romans has scaled Acilius signaled for Sempronius to attack the section of the wall that was left undefended.^[12] The Aetolians seeing Sempronius group coming retreated to the citadel. The consul then allowed the victorious soldiers to loot the city.

When the looting finished Acilius ordered the army to be split into two groups. One group was to go around to the other side of the citadel where there was a hill of equal height as the citadel so the Romans could fire missiles into the citadel from there.^[13] The other group was to attack the citadel from the front. Upon seeing the two pronged attack, the Aetolians decided to surrender. Amongst the people that surrendered was the chief of the Aetolians, Damocritus.^[14]

While the Romans were attacking Heraclea, Philip with his army and a few Romans started besieging Lamia, which was seven miles away from Heraclea. The Romans and the Macedonians displayed great energy as if they were competing against each other.^[15] Since they were making little progress in the siege, Philip met with several of the most prominent fearing that if the Romans captured Heraclea first, the Lamians would surrender to the Romans.^[16] Philip's fears became reality when a Roman messenger ordered him to abandon the siege.^[17]

[edit] Aetolia

The Aetolians still hoping that Antiochus would return to Greece with a new force sent envoys to him. The envoys were also told that if Antiochus couldn't come to Greece he should send money and reinforcements.^[18] Antichos gave them the money to maintain the war and promised to send reinforcements.^[19]

But the fall of Heraclea broke the Aetolians fighting spirit and they sent envoys to the Romans. The consul granted them a ten-day truce and he also sent Lucius Valerius Flaccus to discuss the matters the Aetolians wanted to discuss.^[20] The Romans demanded the surrender of Dicaarchus, Monestas of Epirus and Amynander of Athamania.^[21] The Aetolians decided to obey the Romans and they sent men to collect the commended men. However, a few days later Nicander, one of the envoys who went to Antiochus arrived back in Aetolia after having been detained by Philip of Macedon. His arrival and news that Antiochus was going to send reinforcements convinced the Aetolians to continue fighting.

When Acilius heard that the Aetolians wouldn't comply to the Roman demands he marched with his army and started to besige Naupactus. The siege had lasted for two months when Titus Quinctius Flamininus came to Naupactus. While he was walking around the city walls he was recognised and many people flocked to the city walls and started calling on him to save them. The leading Aetolian citizens went out to meet Flamininus and they agreed that Flamininus would send an envoy to Rome to bring forward the Aetolians case. The Roman army then abandoned the siege and went to Phocis.^[22]

When the Aetolians returned from Rome and told the Aetolian leaders there was no hope of peace, the Aetolains seized the passage at Mount Corax so they could block off the pass. The Acheans began ravaging the coast of Aetolian facing the Peloponnese. The Aetolian expected Acilius to attack Naupactus again but instead he launched a sudden attack on Lamia. The Lamian despite the great confusion managed to repulse the first Roman attack. Acilius recalled his men back to camp and told them to only come back to camp if they had captured the city. A few hours later the Romans captured the city.

The Romans seeing that they couldn't advance to Naupactus instead attacked Amphissa. The Romans deployed their siege engines and they successfully battered down some parts of the walls. However the inhabitants continued to hold out until the new consul, Lucius Cornelius Scipio together with his brother Scipio Africanus. Upon their arrival the inhabitants fled the city and locked themselves inside the citadel.

Afterwards, Athenian envoys arrived from Athens and asked the Romans to consider the propect of peace with the Aetolians.

[edit] Notes

1. ^ Livy, Rome and the Mediterranean
2. ^ Livy, Rome and the Mediterranean
3. ^ Livy, Rome and the Mediterranean
4. ^ Livy, Rome and the Mediterranean
5. ^ Livy, Rome and the Mediterranean
6. ^ Livy, Rome and the Mediterranean
7. ^ Livy, Rome and the Mediterranean
8. ^ Livy, Rome and the Mediterranean
9. ^ Livy, Rome and the Mediterranean
10. ^ Livy, Rome and the Mediterranean
11. ^ Livy, Rome and the Mediterranean
12. ^ Livy, Rome and the Mediterranean
13. ^ Livy, Rome and the Mediterranean
14. ^ Livy, Rome and the Mediterranean
15. ^ Livy, Rome and the Mediterranean
16. ^ Livy, Rome and the Mediterranean
17. ^ Livy, Rome and the Mediterranean
18. ^ Livy, Rome and the Mediterranean
19. ^ Livy, Rome and the Mediterranean
20. ^ Livy, Rome and the Mediterranean
21. ^ Livy, Rome and the Mediterranean
22. ^ Livy, Rome and the Mediterranean

[edit] References

[edit] Primary Sources

• Livy. "Rome and the Mediterranean" ISBN 0-14-044318-5

[edit] Secondary Sources

• Peter Green. "Alexandeer to Actium: The Historic Evolution of the Hellenistic Age". ISBN 0-500-01485-X